Effects of empathy training on psychological concerns and empathy in caregivers of older people: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, clinical trial with follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of empathy training on psychological concerns and empathy in caregivers of older people. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, clinical trial with follow-up was conducted online. Thirty paid and unpaid caregivers of older people from different regions of Brazil participated in an empathy training program. The caregivers answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and measures for the evaluation of empathy (affective and cognitive domains), burden, the impact of providing care as well as depressive symptoms and psychiatric symptoms before and immediately after training. Empathy and its domains were also assessed at three post-intervention follow-ups. RESULTS: Empathy training diminished levels of psychological concerns. Moreover, an increase was found in levels of cognitive empathy 15, 30 and 60 days after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Empathy training with a focus on cognitive empathy diminished psychological concerns in caregivers of older people and increased the levels of this ability over time. This intervention can be considered a coping strategy for negative impacts related to providing care.

Factors associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with self-reported happiness among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Searches were conducted in the PsycInfo, Web of Science, Scopus and Pubmed databases for relevant articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese using the following search strategy and Boolean operators: (happiness*) AND (elder* OR (old adult*)). No restriction was imposed with regards to year of publication. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018107302). RESULTS: Forty-six articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Economic, social and health-related factors were associated with happiness among community-dwelling older adults. The sociodemographic characteristics of older adults, such as the female sex, being married, an older age, a higher level of schooling and having a religion, were also associated with happiness. CONCLUSIONS: The articles included in the present systematic review demonstrate that social, economic and health-related aspects have an association with happiness in community-dwelling older adults.

Factors associated with poor health literacy in older adults: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with poor health literacy in older adults. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted, employing the descriptors "Aged" and "Health Literacy". PROSPERO - CRD: 42022350140. RESULTS: Out of 23,500 articles screened, 176 were selected. Several factors associated with poor health literacy in older adults were identified, such as sociodemographic (e.g., advanced age, low educational level, non-white population, and others), social (e.g., poor family/social support, loneliness, social isolation, few social activities, and others), economic (e.g., lower income and/or lower socioeconomic status) and health aspects (e.g., poor health, chronic conditions, mental health challenges, hospitalizations, frailty, physical inactivity, cognitive impairment, and others). CONCLUSIONS: The factors associated with poor health literacy in older adults identified in this review could contribute to future research, support interventions to improve health literacy, and assist professionals in planning educational activities and public policies.

The frequency of psychotic symptoms in types of dementia: a systematic review.

The frequency of psychotic symptoms in older adults is high, mainly in neurocognitive cognitions of the most varied etiologies. Objectives: This study aimed to review the studies that analyze the frequency of the types of delusions, hallucinations, and misidentifications in dementia conditions of different etiologies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on August 9, 2021, in the PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases with the following descriptors: (dementia OR alzheimer disease OR dementia with Lewy bodies OR frontotemporal dementia OR mixed dementia OR vascular dementia OR major neurocognitive disorder OR parkinson disease dementia) AND (psychotic symptoms OR psychosis OR hallucinations OR delusions OR psychopathology OR misidentification) AND (prevalence OR epidemiology). Results: A total of 5,077 articles were found, with a final inclusion of 35. The overall frequency of psychotic symptoms ranged from 34 to 63% in dementia conditions of the most varied etiologies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents more delusions and hallucinations and has a higher frequency regarding the presence of misidentifications. On the contrary, Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) seems to present more hallucinations, even auditory, when compared to the other dementias, concomitantly with delusions. Vascular and frontotemporal dementia present fewer psychotic symptoms than DLB and AD. Conclusions: We identified a gap in the literature on the description of the psychotic symptoms of dementia, mainly in those of non-AD etiologies. Studies that assess the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementias deeply might contribute in a more definite manner to the causal diagnosis of dementia.

A frequência de sintomas psicóticos em idosos é alta, principalmente em cognições neurocognitivas das mais variadas etiologias. Objetivos: Revisar os estudos que analisam a frequência dos tipos de delírios, alucinações e erros de identificação em quadros demenciais de diferentes etiologias. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática em 9 de agosto de 2021, nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, Web of Science e Scopus, com os seguintes descritores: (demência OR doença de alzheimer OR demência com corpos de Lewy OR demência frontotemporal OR demência mista OR vascular demência OU transtorno neurocognitivo maior OU demência da doença de Parkinson) E (sintomas psicóticos OU psicose OU alucinações OU delírios OU psicopatologia OU identificação errônea) E (prevalência OU epidemiologia). Resultados: Foram encontrados 5.077 artigos, com inclusão final de 35. A frequência geral de sintomas psicóticos foi de 34 a 63% em quadros demenciais das mais variadas etiologias. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) apresenta mais delírios, alucinações e maior frequência quanto à presença de erros de identificação. Por outro lado, a demência com corpos de Lewy (DCL) parece apresentar mais alucinações, inclusive auditivas, quando comparada às demais demências, concomitantemente aos delírios. As demências vascular e frontotemporal apresentam menos sintomas psicóticos do que a DCL e a DA. Conclusões: Identificamos lacuna na literatura quanto à descrição dos sintomas psicóticos das demências, principalmente naquelas de etiologia não DA. Estudos que aprofundem os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos das demências podem contribuir de forma mais definitiva para o diagnóstico causal da demência.

Empathy and psychological concerns among medical students in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: Being in direct contact with COVID-19 patients for long periods increases the risk of infection among frontline workers. The purpose of this study was to identify levels of empathy and psychological concern among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: An online cross-sectional study was conducted among medical interns divided into two groups: those who worked on the frontline (n = 87) and those who did not (n = 63) during the COVID pandemic. The students completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of respondents were women (70.7%), and the mean age was 25.45 ± 3.93 years. In unadjusted analyses, those who worked with COVID-19 patients had a higher level of empathy, stress, burnout symptoms, and depressive symptoms. In the logistic regression analyses, students who worked on the frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher level of empathy (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.16-1.14), higher perceived stress levels (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.05-1.39), and greater burnout symptoms (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10-1.30). CONCLUSION: Medical students in the internship period who worked on the frontline during the COVID-19 pandemic had more psychological concerns and higher levels of empathy compared to those who did not work on the frontline.

The frequency of psychotic symptoms in types of dementia: a systematic review / A frequência de sintomas psicóticos em tipos de demência: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT The frequency of psychotic symptoms in older adults is high, mainly in neurocognitive cognitions of the most varied etiologies. Objectives: This study aimed to review the studies that analyze the frequency of the types of delusions, hallucinations, and misidentifications in dementia conditions of different etiologies. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on August 9, 2021, in the PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases with the following descriptors: (dementia OR alzheimer disease OR dementia with Lewy bodies OR frontotemporal dementia OR mixed dementia OR vascular dementia OR major neurocognitive disorder OR parkinson disease dementia) AND (psychotic symptoms OR psychosis OR hallucinations OR delusions OR psychopathology OR misidentification) AND (prevalence OR epidemiology). Results: A total of 5,077 articles were found, with a final inclusion of 35. The overall frequency of psychotic symptoms ranged from 34 to 63% in dementia conditions of the most varied etiologies. Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents more delusions and hallucinations and has a higher frequency regarding the presence of misidentifications. On the contrary, Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) seems to present more hallucinations, even auditory, when compared to the other dementias, concomitantly with delusions. Vascular and frontotemporal dementia present fewer psychotic symptoms than DLB and AD. Conclusions: We identified a gap in the literature on the description of the psychotic symptoms of dementia, mainly in those of non-AD etiologies. Studies that assess the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementias deeply might contribute in a more definite manner to the causal diagnosis of dementia.

RESUMO A frequência de sintomas psicóticos em idosos é alta, principalmente em cognições neurocognitivas das mais variadas etiologias. Objetivos: Revisar os estudos que analisam a frequência dos tipos de delírios, alucinações e erros de identificação em quadros demenciais de diferentes etiologias. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática em 9 de agosto de 2021, nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, Web of Science e Scopus, com os seguintes descritores: (demência OR doença de alzheimer OR demência com corpos de Lewy OR demência frontotemporal OR demência mista OR vascular demência OU transtorno neurocognitivo maior OU demência da doença de Parkinson) E (sintomas psicóticos OU psicose OU alucinações OU delírios OU psicopatologia OU identificação errônea) E (prevalência OU epidemiologia). Resultados: Foram encontrados 5.077 artigos, com inclusão final de 35. A frequência geral de sintomas psicóticos foi de 34 a 63% em quadros demenciais das mais variadas etiologias. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) apresenta mais delírios, alucinações e maior frequência quanto à presença de erros de identificação. Por outro lado, a demência com corpos de Lewy (DCL) parece apresentar mais alucinações, inclusive auditivas, quando comparada às demais demências, concomitantemente aos delírios. As demências vascular e frontotemporal apresentam menos sintomas psicóticos do que a DCL e a DA. Conclusões: Identificamos lacuna na literatura quanto à descrição dos sintomas psicóticos das demências, principalmente naquelas de etiologia não DA. Estudos que aprofundem os sintomas neuropsiquiátricos das demências podem contribuir de forma mais definitiva para o diagnóstico causal da demência.

Affective and cognitive empathy among university students of the health field, exact sciences, and humanities: A cross-sectional study / Empatia afetiva e cognitiva entre estudantes universitários da saúde, exatas e humanas: um estudo transversal

Objective The aim of the present study was to compare levels of affective and cognitive empathy among university students of the health field, exact sciences, and humanities. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in an online format with the participation of 519 students of the health field, exact sciences, and humanities. Data collection involved the use of a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Multidimensional Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Results The female sex predominated the overall sample (74.4%). Statistically significant differences were found regarding total empathy as well as the affective and cognitive domains. Students of in the health field had the highest levels of total and affective empathy. Students of the exact sciences had higher levels of cognitive empathy compared to those in the health sciences and humanities. Conclusion In conclusion, students of the health sciences have higher levels of empathy and the affective domain, whereas those of the exact sciences have higher levels of cognitive empathy.

Objetivo Comparar os níveis de empatia afetiva e cognitiva entre estudantes universitárias das áreas da saúde, exatas e humanas foi o objetivo desse estudo. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado de forma on-line com a participação de 519 estudantes das humanas, saúde e exatas. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário sociodemográfico e a Escala Multidimensional de Reatividade Interpessoal. Resultados Os estudantes eram predominantemente do sexo feminino (74,4%). Diferença estatisticamente significativa foram identificadas na comparação da empatia total e dos domínios afetivo e cognitivo. Os estudantes da saúde apresentam maiores níveis de empatia total e empatia afetiva. Enquanto o domínio cognitivo é apresentado em maiores níveis pelos estudantes das exatas comparado aos da saúde e humanas. Conclusão Conclui-se que os estudantes de saúde apresentam maiores níveis da empatia e do domínio afetivo, enquanto os estudantes das exatas apresentam maiores níveis da empatia cognitiva.

Construction of face databases for tasks to recognize facial expressions of basic emotions: a systematic review.

Recognizing the other's emotions is an important skill for the social context that can be modulated by variables such as gender, age, and race. A number of studies seek to elaborate specific face databases to assess the recognition of basic emotions in different contexts. Objectives: This systematic review sought to gather these studies, describing and comparing the methodologies used in their elaboration. Methods: The databases used to select the articles were the following: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus. The following word crossing was used: "Facial expression database OR Stimulus set AND development OR Validation." Results: A total of 36 articles showed that most of the studies used actors to express the emotions that were elicited from specific situations to generate the most spontaneous emotion possible. The databases were mainly composed of colorful and static stimuli. In addition, most of the studies sought to establish and describe patterns to record the stimuli, such as color of the garments used and background. The psychometric properties of the databases are also described. Conclusions: The data presented in this review point to the methodological heterogeneity among the studies. Nevertheless, we describe their patterns, contributing to the planning of new research studies that seek to create databases for new contexts.

Reconhecer as emoções do outro é uma habilidade importante para o contexto social, que pode ser modulada por variáveis como sexo, idade e raça. Vários estudos buscam elaborar bancos de faces específicos para avaliar o reconhecimento de emoções básicas em diferentes contextos. Objetivos: Esta revisão sistemática buscou reunir esses estudos, descrevendo e comparando as metodologias utilizadas em sua elaboração. Métodos: As bases de dados utilizadas para a seleção dos artigos foram: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo e Scopus. Foi utilizado o seguinte cruzamento de palavras: "facial expression database OR stimulus set AND development OR validation". Resultados: O total de 36 artigos mostrou que a maioria dos estudos utilizou atores para expressar as emoções, que foram suscitadas de situações específicas para serem o mais espontâneas possível. Os bancos de faces foram compostos principalmente de estímulos coloridos e estáticos. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos buscou estabelecer e descrever padrões para registrar os estímulos, como a cor das roupas utilizadas e o fundo. As propriedades psicométricas dos bancos de faces também são descritas. Conclusões: Os dados apresentados nesta revisão apontam para a heterogeneidade metodológica entre os estudos. Apesar disso, descrevemos seus padrões, contribuindo para o planejamento de novas pesquisas que buscam criar bancos de faces específicos para novos contextos.

Construction of face databases for tasks to recognize facial expressions of basic emotions: a systematic review / Construção de bancos de faces para tarefas de reconhecimento de expressões faciais de emoções básicas: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT. Recognizing the other's emotions is an important skill for the social context that can be modulated by variables such as gender, age, and race. A number of studies seek to elaborate specific face databases to assess the recognition of basic emotions in different contexts. Objectives: This systematic review sought to gather these studies, describing and comparing the methodologies used in their elaboration. Methods: The databases used to select the articles were the following: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus. The following word crossing was used: "Facial expression database OR Stimulus set AND development OR Validation." Results: A total of 36 articles showed that most of the studies used actors to express the emotions that were elicited from specific situations to generate the most spontaneous emotion possible. The databases were mainly composed of colorful and static stimuli. In addition, most of the studies sought to establish and describe patterns to record the stimuli, such as color of the garments used and background. The psychometric properties of the databases are also described. Conclusions: The data presented in this review point to the methodological heterogeneity among the studies. Nevertheless, we describe their patterns, contributing to the planning of new research studies that seek to create databases for new contexts.

RESUMO. Reconhecer as emoções do outro é uma habilidade importante para o contexto social, que pode ser modulada por variáveis como sexo, idade e raça. Vários estudos buscam elaborar bancos de faces específicos para avaliar o reconhecimento de emoções básicas em diferentes contextos. Objetivos: Esta revisão sistemática buscou reunir esses estudos, descrevendo e comparando as metodologias utilizadas em sua elaboração. Métodos: As bases de dados utilizadas para a seleção dos artigos foram: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo e Scopus. Foi utilizado o seguinte cruzamento de palavras: "facial expression database OR stimulus set AND development OR validation". Resultados: O total de 36 artigos mostrou que a maioria dos estudos utilizou atores para expressar as emoções, que foram suscitadas de situações específicas para serem o mais espontâneas possível. Os bancos de faces foram compostos principalmente de estímulos coloridos e estáticos. Além disso, a maioria dos estudos buscou estabelecer e descrever padrões para registrar os estímulos, como a cor das roupas utilizadas e o fundo. As propriedades psicométricas dos bancos de faces também são descritas. Conclusões: Os dados apresentados nesta revisão apontam para a heterogeneidade metodológica entre os estudos. Apesar disso, descrevemos seus padrões, contribuindo para o planejamento de novas pesquisas que buscam criar bancos de faces específicos para novos contextos.

Cultural factors associated with burden in unpaid caregivers of older adults: A systematic review.

The aim of the present systematic review was to investigate cultural factors associated with burden in unpaid caregivers of older adults. Searches were conducted in the Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, Scopus, Embase, LILACs and SciELO databases for relevant articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish using the search terms 'Caregiver AND Culture AND (Burnout OR Caregiver Burden) AND Aged'. No restriction was imposed regarding year of publication. A total of 1234 articles were identified, 34 of which were selected for the present review. The following sociodemographic characteristics were associated with burden: being female, married, White caregivers, young and the spouse of the care recipient; having no siblings; having low schooling and low economic status. Cultural factors associated with burden were living with the care recipient, not professing a religion or having little spirituality, familism (i.e. less reciprocity) and an absence of social support. The present findings underscore the importance of developing intervention strategies that consider cultural factors to minimise the negative impacts of care on unpaid caregivers of older adults.

Empathy Training for Caregivers of Older People: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify empathy training models and the effects on psychological concerns in paid and unpaid caregivers of older people. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted. Searches for relevant articles were performed in the Embase, LILACS, PsycInfo, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases using the following search strategy: "Empathy AND (Education OR Training OR Intervention) AND Caregiver." No restrictions were imposed regarding language or year of publication. RESULTS: Empathy training for caregivers of older people were performed in six studies, three of which identified a significant increase in empathy levels and consequent reduction in psychological concerns. Empathy training focused on aspects of empathy and/or the caregiver had significant effects on the outcome variables. Moreover, training conducted online, by telephone and/or in person can generate satisfactory results. The other three studies that conducted training with a focus on aspects of dementia and/or old age did not present any effect on the outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS: Empathy training for caregivers of older people can increase levels of this ability, especially in the cognitive domain, as well as diminish psychological concerns caused by the negative impact of providing care. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Empathy training directed at empathic abilities and/or aspects of providing care can be effective at increasing levels of this ability. Moreover, training in different care contexts can minimize the negative impacts of providing care.

Psychological Concerns Associated with Empathy in Paid and Unpaid Caregivers of Older People: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: Identify associations between psychological concerns and empathy (affective and cognitive domains) in paid and unpaid caregivers of older people. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Searches were performed in the Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus and Embase databases using the search terms "Empathy," "Caregiver," "Depression," "Burnout," Anxiety", Caregiver Burden" and "Psychological Stresses" and the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR." No restrictions were imposed regarding language or year of publication. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021267276). RESULTS: Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the present review. Most studies involved the participation of unpaid caregivers. Higher levels of empathy were associated with greater psychological concerns. Regarding affective empathy, direct associations were found with depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress. In contrast, high levels of cognitive empathy were associated with fewer depressive symptoms as well as less stress and burnout syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: An association was found between greater affective empathy and psychological impairment in caregivers of older people. Higher levels of cognitive empathy can help minimize psychological concerns. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Working on empathic ability among caregivers of older people in different environments can contribute positively to the emotional impact of caregiving. Moreover, empathetic cognitive training among caregivers can serve as a strategy to minimize the negative consequences of the impact of caregiving.

Relationship of burden with depressive symptoms, mental disorders and older adults' functional dependence: A study with paid and unpaid caregivers in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to identify the relationship of burden with depressive symptoms, mental disorders and older adults' functional dependence in paid and unpaid caregivers. This is a quantitative and cross-sectional study, carried out in the inland of the state of São Paulo with 111 caregivers, 60 of whom were unpaid and 51 were paid. The caregivers answered a questionnaire for the assessment of sociodemographic and care characteristics, the Zarit Burden Inventory (ZBI), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), and the Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ). Unpaid caregivers were older, married, have been providing care for a longer period of time, and devoted more days and hours per week to care when compared to paid caregivers. Depressive symptoms and mental disorders (non-psychotic) are related to the levels of burden in both paid and unpaid caregivers (p < 0.001). The care process causes harm such as burden, depressive symptoms, and mental disorders in paid and unpaid caregivers. Thus, it is important to think about coping strategies to minimize the psychological consequences of the care process.

Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotion and Depressive Symptoms among Caregivers with Different Levels of Empathy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess differences in the recognition of facial expressions of emotion among caregivers of older people with different levels of empathy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 158 caregivers of older adults who provided care in family residences or nursing homes. The caregivers were divided into three groups based on the score of the multidimensional Interpersonal Reactivity Index: "lower empathy", "intermediate empathy", and "higher empathy". Data collection involved the administration of a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Emotion Recognition Test, and the Patient Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: No significant differences were found among the groups in terms of sociodemographic variables. Regarding clinical characteristics, the "higher empathy" group had more depressive symptoms than the other groups (p = .001). Moreover, the "higher empathy" group exhibited greater accuracy at recognizing the expression of sadness than the "lower empathy" group (p = .033). The recognition of sadness remained significant in the analysis of variance adjusted for depressive symptoms (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers with higher levels of empathy showed greater accuracy at recognizing sadness emotion compared to caregivers with lower levels of empathy. Additionally, caregivers with greater empathy have more depressive symptoms. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The recognition of facial expressions of sadness may give caregivers a skill to infer possible needs in older care recipients. However, a higher level of empathy may exert a negative psychological impact on caregivers of older people, which could have repercussions regarding the quality of care provided.

What factors are associated with affective and cognitive empathy in informal and formal caregivers of older people?

OBJECTIVE: To analyse factors associated with affective and cognitive empathy in informal and formal caregivers of older people. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 111 formal and informal caregivers divided into three groups (lower, intermediate and higher empathy) based on the Multidimensional Interpersonal Reactivity Index score (total, affective and cognitive empathy). A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Zarit Burden Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Functional Assessment Questionnaire were applied. RESULTS: The participants were predominantly women (91%), and median [IQR] age was 46 [33-57] years. In the multinomial regression analysis being an informal caregiver, being older and having depressive symptoms were associated with higher levels of empathy (total score and the affective domain). No associations were found for the cognitive domain. CONCLUSIONS: A high level of empathy, especially affective empathy, was associated with depressive symptoms, older age and being an informal caregiver. Family relationships and the lack of training among informal caregivers should be explored.

Sintomas ansiosos e depressivos em idosos na atenção primária à saúde em Maceió ­ AL / Anxiety and depression symptoms in older adults in Primary Health Care in Maceió ­ AL

Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de sintomas ansiosos e depressivos em idosos atendidos na atenção primária à saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e não probabilístico realizado com 171 idosos com idade entre 60-94 anos atendidos em unidade de saúde atenção primária. Os idosos responderam um questionário sociodemográfico, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15) e Inventário de Ansiedade Geriátrica (GAI).Resultados: Os resultados demonstram uma alta prevalência de indivíduos do sexo feminino 72,5%. Além disso, identificou-se que idosos com idade entre 60-69 anos e baixa escolaridade apresentam maiores "sintomas depressivos". Os fatores "ser divorciado" e "baixa escolaridade" foram associados a "sintomas ansiosos" nos idosos. Conclusão: Os fatores sociodemográficos têm demonstrado bastante influência na ocorrência dos sintomas depressivos e ansiosos entre a população idosa. [au]

Objective: To analyze the occurrence of anxiety and depression symptoms in older adults treated in Primary Health Care. Method: This is a cross-sectional and non-probabilistic study carried out with 171 older adults aged 60-94 years old treated in a Primary Health Care unit. The aged individuals answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI). Results: The results show high prevalence of the symptoms in females (72.5%). In addition to that, it was identified that older adults aged 60-69 years old and with low schooling levels present higher levels of "depression symptoms". "Being divorced" and "low schooling" were factors associated with "anxiety symptoms" in older adults. Conclusion: The sociodemographic factors have proved to be quite influential in the occurrence of depression and anxiety symptoms among older adults [au]

Efeitos do ensino do comportamento verbal para pessoas com transtorno do espectro autista: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of teaching of verbal behavior to people with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review / Efectos de enseñar conducta verbal a personas con trastorno del espectro autista: una revisión sistemática

Introdução: Um dos domínios de sintomas centrais do Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é o déficit de comunicação, que pode se apresentar de diversas formas. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do ensino do comportamento verbal em pessoas com TEA. Método: Revisão sistemática da literatura por meio de buscas nas bases de dados Scielo, Lilacs e Pubmed, utilizando os seguintes descritores: "transtorno do espectro autista"; "comportamento verbal" e "ensino", bem como seus descritores na língua inglesa. Foram selecionados estudos publicados entre 2014 e 2019, com dados que atendiam à temática estabelecida em português, espanhol e inglês. Resultados: A pesquisa resultou em sete artigos. O operante verbal mais frequente foi o mando, seguido pelo intraverbal e o ecóico. O ensino de comportamento verbal apresentou efeitos positivos. No mando, ocasionou a redução da ocorrência de comportamentos-problema, auxiliando em uma interação social bem-sucedida e contribuindo para um controle social e imediato sobre o ambiente. O ecoico foi apontado como o operante verbal que desempenha papel fundamental no ensino de outros comportamentos verbais. O intraverbal é importante para o desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais e acadêmicas. A limitação dos resultados consiste em não apresentar estudos referentes a todos os operantes verbais, contemplando apenas três, assim como o intervalo de ano de publicação analisado. Conclusão: O ensino dos operantes verbais é importante para um melhor desempenho e desenvolvimento da comunicação funcional de pessoas com autismo, refletindo também em aspectos sociais, acadêmicos e no brincar, além da contribuição para a redução das chances de ocorrência de comportamentos disruptivos.

Introduction: One of the central symptom domains of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the communication deficit, which can present itself in different ways. Objective: Analyze the effects of teaching verbal behavior in people with ASD. Method: Systematic literature review by searching the Scielo, Lilacs and Pubmed databases, using the following descriptors: "autism spectrum disorder"; "Verbal behavior" and "teaching", as well as their descriptors in the English language. Studies published between 2014 and 2019 were selected, with data that met the theme established in Portuguese, Spanish and English. Results: The search resulted in seven articles. The most frequent verbal operant was the mand, followed by the intraverbal and the echoic. The teaching of verbal behavior had positive effects. On mand, caused the reduction of the occurrence of problem behaviors and helping in a successful social interaction and contributing to an immediate and social control over the environment. The echoic was pointed out as the verbal operant that plays a fundamental role in the teaching of other verbal behaviors. The intraverbal is important for the development of social and academic skills. The limitation of the results consists in not presenting studies referring to all verbal operants, considering only three and the interval of year of publication analyzed. Conclusion: The teaching of verbal operants is important for a better performance and development of functional communication of people with autism, also reflecting on social, academic and playing aspects, in addition to the contribution to reducing the chances of disruptive behaviors.

Introduccion: Uno de los dominios de síntomas centrales del trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) es el déficit de comunicación, que puede presentarse de diferentes formas. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de la enseñanza de la conducta verbal en personas con TEA. Metodo: Revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante búsquedas en las bases de datos Scielo, Lilacs y Pubmed, utilizando los siguientes descriptores: "trastorno del espectro autista"; "Conducta verbal" y "enseñanza", así como sus descriptores en el idioma inglés. Se seleccionaron estudios publicados entre 2014 y 2019, con datos que cumplieran con la temática establecida en portugués, español e inglés. Resultados: La búsqueda resultó en siete artículos. La operante verbal más frecuente fue el mand, seguida de la intraverbal y la ecoica. La enseñanza de la conducta verbal mostró efectos positivos. En el mand, provocó la reducción de la ocurrencia de conductas problemáticas y ayudó a una interacción social exitosa y contribuyó a un control social e inmediato sobre el medio ambiente. La ecoica fue señalada como la operante verbal que juega un papel fundamental en la enseñanza de otras conductas verbales. El intraverbal es importante para el desarrollo de habilidades sociales y académicas. La limitación de los resultados consiste en no presentar estudios referentes a todos los operantes verbales, considerando solo tres y el intervalo de año de publicación analizado. Conclusión: La enseñanza de operantes verbales es importante para un mejor desempeño y desarrollo de la comunicación funcional de las personas con autismo, reflexionando también sobre aspectos sociales, académicos y lúdicos, además de contribuir a reducir las posibilidades de conductas disruptivas.

Associação dos sintomas depressivos com o comprometimento da memória episódica em pacientes com a doença de Parkinson / Association of depressive symptoms with impaired episodic memory in patients with Parkinson's disease

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação de sintomas depressivos e comprometimento da memória episódica em pacientes com doença de Parkinson (DP). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, não probabilístico e intencional. Foram selecionados indivíduos diagnosticados com DP e idade igual ou maior que 60 anos, matriculados em dois ambulatórios de distúrbios de movimento na cidade de Maceió, AL. Foram selecionados 62 idosos, divididos em dois grupos, sendo 40 com sintomas depressivos e 22 sem sintomas depressivos. Utilizaram-se um questionário sociodemográfico, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS-15, versão reduzida), o Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey (RAVLT) e a Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA). Resultados: Diante da amostra composta por 62 idosos, apresentou-se alta prevalência de idosos do sexo feminino, 64,5% com média de idade de 66,72 anos (±5,12). Em relação aos dados sociodemográficos, identificou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos apenas quanto uso de antidepressivos (p<0,001) e, em relação às características clínicas, houve diferença em relação à memória episódica (RAVLT) (p < 0,001) da MoCA (p = 0,018) e aos domínios abstração (p = 0,044) e função executiva (p = 0,021) da MoCA. Quanto à relação entre sintomas depressivos e prejuízo da memória episódica, identifica-se uma correlação inversa moderada (r = −0,575; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Pacientes com DP e sintomas depressivos apresentam pior desempenho nas medidas de memória episódica do que aqueles sem sintomas depressivos. Além disso, é possível identificar que os níveis de sintomas depressivos são diretamente proporcionais à perda de memória episódica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the correlation of depressive symptoms and impaired episodic memory in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, non-probabilistic and intentional study. Individuals diagnosed with PD and aged 60 years or older, who were enrolled at two movement disorders outpatient clinics in the city of Maceió, AL, were selected. 62 elderly people were selected, divided into two groups, 40 with symptoms of depression and 22 without symptoms of depression. A sociodemographic questionnaire, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15 reduced version), the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used. Results: In view of the sample of 62 elderly people, there was a high prevalence of female elderly, 64.5% with a mean age of 66.72 years (±5.12). Regarding sociodemographic data, a statistically significant difference was identified between groups only in the use of antidepressants (p < 0.001) and in relation to clinical characteristics, there was a difference in relation to episodic memory (RAVLT) (p < 0.001) of MoCA (p = 0.018) and in the abstraction (p = 0.044) and executive function (p = 0.021) domains of MoCA. Regarding the relationship between depressive symptoms and impaired episodic memory, a moderate inverse correlation was identified (r = −0.575; p < 0.001). Conclusion: PD associated with depressive symptoms presents impairments in episodic memory when compared to those without symptoms. In addition, it is possible to identify that the levels of depressive symptoms are directly proportional to the loss of episodic memory.

Implicit attitudes toward the elderly among health professionals and undergraduate students in the health field: a systematic review / Atitude implícita em relação ao idoso em profissionais de saúde e estudantes de cursos de graduação da área da saúde: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective To perform a systematic review of articles evaluating implicit attitudes of health professionals and undergraduate students in the health field toward the elderly. Methods The PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS databases were searched for relevant articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish using the following search terms: implicit attitude AND (elderly OR aged OR older people). Seven articles were selected. Results The majority of studies were conducted in developed countries and found negative attitudes toward the elderly, with males exhibiting more negative attitudes than females. Conclusion The articles analyzed in this review demonstrate an implicitly negative attitude among professionals and students in the field of health toward the elderly.

Resumo Objetivo Realizar uma revisão sistemática de artigos publicados que avaliam atitudes implícitas em relação ao idoso de profissionais de saúde e estudantes de cursos de graduação da área da saúde. Método A pesquisa foi realizada nos bancos de dados PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus e LILACS, buscando artigos relevantes publicados em inglês, português e espanhol. Foram utilizados os seguintes operadores booleanos: implicit attitude AND (elderly OR aged OR older people). Foram selecionados 7 artigos. Resultado A maioria dos estudos selecionados foi realizada em países desenvolvidos e relatou uma atitude negativa em relação aos idosos. Indivíduos do sexo masculino apresentaram mais atitude negativa que os do sexo feminino. Conclusão Os artigos analisados nesta revisão mostram que a atitude negativa em relação ao público idoso está implicitamente presente entre os profissionais e estudantes da área da saúde.

Impacto dos sintomas de ansiedade na qualidade de vida na doença de Parkinson: uma revisão sistemática / Impact of anxiety symptoms on quality of life in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar estudos relacionados ao impacto da ansiedade na qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença de Parkinson. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada nos bancos de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e PsycINFO, com os descritores: "anxiety", "Parkinson's disease" e "quality of life". Foram selecionados 20 artigos publicados em inglês e sem limite de tempo. Resultado: A maioria dos estudos demonstrou correlação direta entre ansiedade e qualidade de vida em indivíduos com doença de Parkinson. Apenas dois estudos não encontraram essa associação. A presença de sintomas de ansiedade parece estar relacionada com a gravidade dos sintomas motores, sexo feminino e idade mais jovem, levando a um impacto maior na qualidade de vida. Conclusão: Os artigos analisados mostraram que a ansiedade tem impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review studies related to the impact of anxiety on the quality of life in Parkinson's disease patients. Methods: A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO databases with the keywords: anxiety, Parkinson's disease and quality of life. We selected 20 articles published in English, no time limit. Results: Most studies showed positive correlation between anxiety and quality of life in Parkinson's disease individuals. This relation was not found by only two studies. The presence of anxiety symptoms seems to be related to severity of motor symptoms, female sex and early onset of Parkinson's disease, leading to a greater impact on quality of life. Conclusion: The articles analyzed showed that anxiety has negative impact on quality of life of Parkinson's disease individuals.